Outdoor wood furniture can add beauty and functionality to any outdoor space. However, without proper care, it can quickly become weathered, splintered, or cracked. Staining and sealing outdoor wood furniture is the key to preserving its good looks and ensuring it withstands the elements. Follow this comprehensive guide to learn all the steps for properly staining and sealing outdoor wood furniture.
Selecting the Right Stain and Sealant
Choosing high-quality stains and sealants designed specifically for outdoor use is critical. Consider the following when selecting your products:
Stain Type
Oil-based stains – Offer excellent protection and penetration into the wood grains. Require mineral spirits for cleaning and thin with paint thinner. Ideal for achieving a vibrant, rich color.
Water-based stains – Made with water and pigments and enhanced with acrylic, latex, or polyurethane. Easier cleanup with soap and water. Not as durable as oil-based.
Gel stains – Thicker consistency than liquid stains. Sit on top of the wood rather than absorbing. Allow for more customization of color.
Sealant Type
Spar varnish – Designed for exterior usage on wood surfaces. Formulated to withstand sun exposure, moisture, and temperature fluctuations. Provides maximum protection.
Tung oil – Penetrates deeply into wood while allowing it to breathe. Develops a flexible, water-resistant finish that doesn’t crack or peel.
Polyurethane – Water-based options viable for outdoor use. Multiple coats create a thick, protective barrier.
Marine varnish – Contains UV absorbers that reduce sun damage. Flexible finish prevents cracking or peeling. Withstands weathering extremely well.
Epoxy resin – Highly durable synthetic polymer finish. Withstands UV rays, heat, moisture, and physical wear. Best for wood subject to heavy use.
Preparing the Wood Surface
Proper prep work ensures the stain and sealant bond effectively to the wood’s surface. Follow these steps to get your outdoor wood ready:
Cleaning
Remove built-up dirt, mildew stains, pollen, and old finishes with a wood cleaner or mild soap and warm water solution. For stubborn areas, use a soft bristle brush. Allow the wood to completely dry before moving to the next step.
Sanding
Lightly sand the wood using 120-150 grit sandpaper. Always sand in the direction of the wood grain. This removes any remaining finish or rough spots and opens the wood grain to accept the new stain.
Patching Holes and Cracks
Fill any small holes, chips, or cracks with wood filler formulated for outdoor use. Allow ample drying time as specified on the product label before sanding smooth. Larger damaged areas may need wood patches or planks.
Removing Mold and Mildew
Mix a solution of 1-part bleach to 3-parts water. Apply it to affected areas with a brush or sponge. Allow 10-15 minutes of contact time before rinsing clean and drying thoroughly. Wear gloves and work in a well-ventilated area.
Stripping Old Finish
If removing all the existing finish, use a chemical wood stripper. Apply a thick coat and let it sit for the recommended time before scraping away the lifted finish with a putty knife. Follow up with sanding.
Staining the Wood
With the surface ready, it’s time to apply the oil-based, water-based, or gel stain of your choice. Follow these best practices for success:
1. Stir the Stain
Before starting, thoroughly mix the stain with a paint stick to distribute the pigments evenly throughout the can.
2. Test the Color
It’s smart to test the stain color on a hidden spot before proceeding. If it’s too light, apply additional coats. Too dark, dilute with stain thinner.
3. Use a Brush or Cloth
Apply oil-based stains with a natural bristle brush. Use a foam brush or lint-free cloth for water-based options. Work the stain into the wood grains.
4. Blot Excess Stain
After 5-10 minutes, use a clean cloth to gently blot and remove any excess stain before it dries. This prevents tackiness.
5. Apply Even Coats
Maintain a wet edge and move quickly to coat all surfaces evenly. Work from bottom to top and along the wood grains.
6. Allow Ample Drying Time
Let the stain dry for at least 24 hours before adding another coat or moving onto sealing. Cool temperatures or high humidity may prolong drying.
7. Lightly Sand Between Coats
For deeper color penetration, do very light sanding between coats using 220 grit sandpaper. Remove dust before reapplying stain.
8. Work in Sections
Stain just a few boards or pieces at a time. Stopping points between sections makes it easier to maintain a smooth, even appearance.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for stain application. The number of coats depends on the look you wish to achieve. Re-coat once the prior application is fully dry.
Sealing and Protecting the Wood
After allowing your stain plenty of drying time, it’s crucial to add a protective sealant. Here are key steps for success:
1. Check Stain Adhesion
Wipe a small section with paint thinner. If stain comes off, insufficient drying has occurred. Delay sealing until the stain has fully cured.
2. Remove Dust Nibs
Use 220 grit sandpaper to gently smooth any raised grain or dust particles. Dust thoroughly before sealing.
3. Stir Sealant Well
Stir the sealant thoroughly before and periodically during application to keep pigments evenly dispersed.
4. Use Proper Tools
Apply oil-based sealants with a natural bristle brush. Foam brushes work for water-based options. Maintain wet edges.
5. Apply Thin Coats
Add multiple thin, even coats of sealant rather than one heavy coat. Thick sealant can become gummy and tacky.
6. Seal All Surfaces
Seal any end grains, joints, crevices, and bottoms in addition to the surface. These absorb moisture if unsealed.
7. Allow Proper Drying
Follow the product’s recommendations for drying time between coats. Recoat only when fully dry to the touch.
8. Lightly Sand Between Coats
For maximum durability, do light 220 grit sanding between sealant coats to improve adhesion.
Typical application is 2-3 thin coats of sealant. Higher use furniture may need 4-5 coats. Frequently check for any cracking or peeling of the finish and reseal as needed.
Helpful Tips and Tricks
Follow these additional pointers to get professional staining and sealing results:
- Always test stains and sealants in an inconspicuous area first. Scrap wood pieces work well for testing.
- Buy small cans of stain and sealant that can be used up quickly once opened. Air exposure diminishes quality over time. Properly seal and store any leftovers.
- Read and follow all manufacturer’s instructions. Don’t assume all products are applied the same way.
- Wear gloves and eye protection when staining and sealing. Work in a well-ventilated area.
- Dispose of oil-based rags properly to prevent potential spontaneous combustion. Allow to fully dry in an open area or submerge in water.
- Weather conditions significantly impact drying times. Avoid staining or sealing in high humidity, imminent rain, or intense sun.
- Stir stains and sealants frequently during use. Pigments and solids can settle during application.
- Use painters tape for crisp stain lines and edges. Remove immediately after applying the stain.
- Wood putty and fillers accept stain differently than bare wood. Pre-treat filled areas for color uniformity.
Proper preparation, careful application, and using high-quality exterior-rated products are the keys to staining and sealing outdoor wood successfully. Pay close attention to details and safety for results that protect and beautify your wood furniture. Maintain the finish annually and reapply fresh stain and sealant as needed. With proper care, your outdoor wood can look great year after year.
Frequently Asked Questions
Still have questions about staining and sealing outdoor wood furniture? This FAQ covers some of the most common queries:
How long does it take wood stain to dry?
- Oil-based stains dry in 24 hours. Water-based options take 1-2 hours. Cooler weather prolongs drying for any stain.
What happens if it rains after staining wood?
- Rain can wash away stain before it sets into the wood. Wait at least 48 hours after staining to seal if rain is expected.
What is the most waterproof sealant for outdoor wood?
- Spar varnish, marine varnish, and epoxy resin provide maximum water resistance. Use multiple coats for best protection.
How often should you seal outdoor wood furniture?
- Annual sealing is best in harsh climates. Every 2-3 years works for more moderate conditions. More frequent use necessitates more sealing.
Can you use indoor wood stain outside?
- No, indoor stains lack the UV blockers and weathering resistance needed for outdoor use. Always select exterior-rated products.
What can I use to seal plywood outside?
- Exterior varnish, epoxy, and polyurethanes formulated for outdoor use will properly seal outdoor plywood projects.
Should you stain or seal wood first?
- Stain wood before sealing it. The sealant seals in the stain and provides a protective top coat.
What happens if you don’t seal outdoor wood?
- Unsealed wood exposed to sun, rain, snow, and other elements will quickly become weathered, warped, cracked and allow mold growth.
Sealing outdoor wood is crucial to its longevity. For best results, use high-quality exterior stains and sealants suited to your climate. With proper preparation and application, your outdoor wood projects will maintain their beauty for many years to come.
Conclusion
Outdoor wood furniture adds beauty, functionality, and style to any patio, porch, or deck. Keeping it looking its best involves selecting the right stain and sealant for the job and properly preparing the wood surface. Careful application techniques ensure the stain adheres and sealant protects. Ongoing maintenance and prompt renewal of the finish allows outdoor wood to withstand the effects of weathering and continue bringing enjoyment for years to come. With this thorough guide, you now have all the information needed to expertly stain and seal your outdoor wood furniture. The time invested will pay off exponentially by preserving your wood’s rich colors and natural grains. Here’s to many seasons of enjoyment with your newly enhanced outdoor living space!