How to Keep Outdoor Pipes from Freezing: The Ultimate Guide - Outdoor Cabinets

Outdoor pipes exposed to freezing winter temperatures can easily burst, causing major water damage and costly repairs. Protecting your outdoor plumbing from freezing is crucial for preventing pipe bursts and water leaks during cold weather. This comprehensive guide will provide you with all the information you need to keep your outdoor pipes from freezing this winter.

Why Outdoor Pipes Freeze and How to Prevent It

Outdoor water pipes are especially prone to freezing in cold climates. Pipes that have water flowing through them are generally protected from freezing because the water pressure and movement prevent ice blockages. However, stagnant water inside pipes that are exposed to freezing air temperatures can turn to ice and expand, leading pipes to crack or burst.

To prevent outdoor pipe freezing, you need to take proactive measures to insulate and protect water pipes from direct exposure to cold outside air. Techniques for keeping pipes from freezing range from simple to more complex solutions. The key is selecting the right freezing prevention method for your specific pipes and climate.

Common Causes of Frozen Pipes

There are a few key reasons why outdoor pipes commonly freeze in winter:

Exposure – Outdoor pipes have direct contact with freezing temperatures. Pipes running along exterior walls or in unheated structures are particularly vulnerable.
Lack of insulation – Insufficient insulation means cold air can quickly chill pipe interiors, allowing water to freeze.
Stagnant water – Standing water in pipes is more prone to freezing than flowing water. Infrequently used outdoor faucets and pipes are high-risk.
Sudden drops in temperature – Quick cold snaps lead to rapid freezing that can catch unprepared pipes off guard.

How to Keep Outdoor Pipes from Freezing

Protecting outdoor pipes from bursting involves keeping pipe interiors warm despite freezing conditions outside. This can be accomplished by:

Insulating pipes to slow heat transfer
Heating pipes directly to maintain warmer temperatures
Keeping water moving inside pipes

Specific techniques to prevent freezing include pipe insulation, heating cables, heated hoses, faucet covers, and running water through pipes. The best solutions will depend on your climate, pipe configuration, and budget.

Choosing the Best Freeze Protection Method

Selecting suitable outdoor pipe freeze protection depends on assessing your specific situation. Key factors to consider are:

Pipe exposure – How exposed are the pipes? More exposed pipes require maximum protection.
Pipe size – Larger pipes hold more water volume which takes longer to freeze. Smaller pipes freeze quicker.
Pipe material – Plastic pipes freeze more easily than copper. PVC and polyethylene pipes are very prone to bursting.
Water usage frequency – Stagnant pipes used infrequently are more likely to freeze than regularly used pipes.
** Climate and location** – Colder regions and quick cold snaps require more intensive protection.
Budget – Simple DIY insulating options can cost less than $20 while heating cables can run over $100.

Once you’ve assessed your situation, you can choose the best method for keeping your outdoor pipes freeze-free.

Pipe Insulation

Insulating outdoor pipes is the most basic protection method to slow heat transfer from the pipe to freezing air. To properly insulate:

Use foam, fiberglass or rubber pipe insulation wraps rated for outdoor use.
Select insulation thickness according to climate. Thicker insulation is better for colder regions.
Cover entire pipe length plus valves and elbows. Don’t leave any gaps.
Seal insulation ends and seams with waterproof tape to prevent moisture intrusion.
For best results, layer insulation to increase warmth retention.

Proper outdoor pipe insulation can prevent freezing down to temperatures as low as -20°F. Make sure to inspect and replace worn insulation jackets to maintain effectiveness.

Heating Cables

Heating cables (also called heat tape) provide direct heat to raise and maintain pipe temperatures. Options include:

Electric heating cables – Wrapped around pipes and plugged in, these heat pipes via internal electrically resistant wires.
Self-regulating cables – Automatically adjust heat output based on temperature to save energy and prevent overheating. Pricier but more efficient.
Constant wattage cables – Provides continuous heating which requires careful monitoring to avoid overheating. Budget option.

To install heating cables:

Select appropriate wattage cable for your pipes. Follow product instructions.
Wrap cable evenly around clean bare pipe, following overlaps as specified.
Secure with provided adhesive or metal zip ties every 1-2 feet.
Plug into GFCI outlet protected from snow and moisture.
Install an outdoor-rated thermostat for controlled heating.

Take care not to cross wrap cable or overlap excessively. Leave cable ends unplugged until winter to avoid overheating pipes in warmer seasons.

Heated Hoses

For frequently used outdoor faucets, attaching an insulated heated hose can keep pipes from freezing. These hoses have internal wires that heat the hose and connected pipes. When tap is on, the hose warms to prevent freezing during water flow. Options:

** Electric heated hoses** – Require an outdoor outlet to plug into. Maintain a set temperature.
Self-regulating hoses – Adjust heating based on ambient temperatures automatically. More energy efficient.
Freeze-resistant hoses – Unheated but made with flexible freeze-proof materials to prevent cracks. Budget option.

Make sure to get a heated hose rated for winter temperatures in your area. When not in use, disconnect and drain hoses to avoid ice blockages at faucet. Not for use with permanent in-ground irrigation systems.

Faucet and Spigot Covers

Insulated faucet covers slip directly over outdoor faucets and spigots to protect the pipe interior from freezing. Options include:

Faucet insulators – Lightweight foam covers that attach to faucets. Low cost protection for infrequent use.
Waterproof faucet covers – Heavy-duty rigid covers ranging from plastic to molded rubber. Keep faucets fully enclosed.
Spigot insulators – Thick insulating foam tubes that fit over entire spigot. Good for infrequently used spigots.
Spigot boxes – Enclose entire spigot in an insulated box. Provides maximum freeze protection.

Remember to remove any attached hoses or accessories before covering outdoor faucets. Secure covers in place with zip ties or duct tape.

Letting Water Drip

For pipes prone to freezing even with insulation, allowing a slight steady drip or trickle of water can prevent freeze ups. This introduces movement which makes water less likely to stagnate and freeze.

Turn on faucets to just a thin stream of continuous dripping water, about 1 drip per second.
Open valves to any underground irrigation lines to drain and keep water moving in buried pipes.
Drip both hot and cold lines. Keeping water moving is the priority.
Where possible, drain water lines not being used in freezing months.
Insulate lines in unheated indoor spaces like garages to reduce dripping needed.

The goal is just enough flow to prevent standing water while avoiding water waste. Monitor pipes often to adjust dripping as needed.

Winterizing Specific Areas Prone to Freezing

Certain sections of outdoor plumbing are especially prone to freezing. Tailor protection to focus on these common problem areas:

Pipes on Exterior Walls

Pipes running along exterior walls are directly exposed to cold surface temperatures.

Insulate any pipes or valves mounted on outside walls.
For pipes inside wall cavities, inject expanding foam insulation between stud bays.
If concerned about pipes adjoining concrete foundation walls, install foam board over wall before replacing drywall.

Irrigation System Pipes and Sprinkler Valves

Underground irrigation pipes and above ground valves are vulnerable when not in use.

Drain irrigation line water completely before winter and keep valves open.
Insulate any valve box lids. Top with reflective insulation for added protection.
After draining, consider blowing out lines with compressed air to remove remaining water.
Insulate exterior portion of any pipes leading from ground to indoor connection.

Pipes in Unheated Spaces

Pipes in unheated garages, crawl spaces, and attics can still freeze despite being indoors.

Wrap water supply pipes and drain pipes in these spaces with insulating pipe jackets.
Install heat trace cable on metallic water supply pipes which lose heat quickly.
Insulate any access doors and hatchways adjoining unheated areas to retain heat.
In attics, ensure adequate insulation around all pipe penetrations leading outdoors.

Pipes Feeding Outdoor Faucets

Short pipe branches leading to exterior faucets are most prone to freezing due to their small water volume.

Insulate pipes leading to hose bibs even in heated indoor spaces near exterior walls.
Install individual valve shutoffs for outdoor faucets to isolate branches when not in use.
Place extra insulation over shutoff valves adjoining outdoor spigots.
Consider a faucet cover for additional freeze protection.

With attention to outdoor faucet pipes, you can avoid frozen pipe situations where applying heat risks melting nearby soldered connections.

Pools, Hot Tubs, and Water Features

Standing pipe water supporting outdoor water features and amenities can freeze in low temperatures.

Drain any exterior pipe lines. Remove hoses.
Blow out pipes with compressed air if unable to fully drain.
For pools and hot tubs, maintain water levels and continue running filtration cycles as long as possible into winter.
Cover pool and hot tub piping with insulating pipe jackets.

Emergency Thawing of Frozen Pipes

Even with preventive measures, unexpected freeze-ups can still occur. Here are some dos and don’ts for handling frozen pipe emergencies:

DO:

Gently apply low level heat such as a hairdryer or space heater directly to frozen section if accessible.
Apply heat-retaining compresses like hot water bottles or chemical heat packs.
Use a portable infrared heater or lamp to apply heat along the frozen portion if pipes are accessible.
Slowly pour hot (not boiling) water over the frozen section to gently thaw ice blockages.

DON’T:

Use a blow torch, high heat tools, or open flames which can seriously damage pipes.
Hit or excessively hammer on pipes which can split pipe joints and cause cracks.
Soak entire sections in hot water which can damage pipe exteriors.
Thaw pipes too rapidly which can lead to burst sections. Take time to gently thaw.

If a serious burst pipe leak occurs, immediately shut off the water supply valve until repairs can be made. Signs of serious pipe damage include separated joints and water leaking in surrounding areas away from the actual pipe. You may need professional assistance for major burst pipe situations involving flooding or interior wall and ceiling damage.

Preventing Refreezing After Thawing

Once thawed, take immediate refreezing prevention steps:

Wrap thawed section with emergency pipe insulation or heat trace cable.
Slowly turn water back on and let drip until permanent repairs can be made.
Use a portable heater or lamp to maintain thawed temperature for a day.
Monitor area over following days and make any needed insulation or heat improvements.

Avoid wasting energy and water dripping for more than several days. Get pipe permanently winterized as soon as possible after an emergency thaw.

FAQs on Protecting Pipes from Freezing

To supplement the main tips provided, here are answers to some frequently asked questions on keeping outdoor pipes freeze-free:

How cold can pipes freeze?

Pipes can burst at temperatures as warm as 20°F if sufficiently exposed. More typically, 32°F and below causes freezing problems.

At what temp should I start taking action?

Begin winterizing and insulating pipes when nightly lows near 40°F to prevent sudden cold snaps from causing freezing issues.

Is it OK to cover outdoor faucets with a towel?

No, this is ineffective as fabric absorbs moisture which can freeze against the pipe. Use structured insulators only.

How much should I leave water dripping?

Aim for just fast enough to prevent standing water. About one drip per second at each faucet is sufficient.

How long can pipes stay frozen before bursting?

It varies, but pipes will eventually split once ice fully blocks water flow and continues expanding against the rigid pipe walls.

Can pipes freeze even if water is running?

Yes, extreme low temps can still freeze moving water. Insulation slows the process but can’t prevent freezing indefinitely.

Should I insulate indoor pipes near outside walls?

Yes, insulating any pipes along exterior facing walls provides an added buffer against frigid outdoor air.

Does replacing pipes with PEX reduce freezing?

PEX is most freeze resistant plastic piping but still needs insulation. No pipe material is completely freeze-proof.

Does insulating pipes increase water pressure?

No, flow rate and pressure are not affected. Insulation simply slows heat transfer to keep pipes from freezing.

Can I use a heat lamp to warm pipes?

Yes, infrared or other heat lamps can warm pipes effectively as long as hot bulb does not make direct contact with piping.

Conclusion

Frozen and burst pipes lead to extensive property damage and costly repairs every winter. Protecting your outdoor water pipes from freezing is a worthwhile investment compared to the headaches of dealing with the aftermath of burst pipes and water leaks.

Following the outdoor pipe freeze prevention steps outlined above, you can help safeguard your plumbing from the harm caused by frozen pipe blockages. Customize your winterization approach based on your climate and specific pipe system vulnerabilities. With proper insulation, heating, and water flow maintenance, even the coldest winters shouldn’t freeze up your outdoor plumbing.