Introduction
Building a set of outdoor stairs is a great way to create easy access to different elevations around your home or in your yard. With the right planning and materials, you can have a functional and beautiful staircase that will last for years. Here is a comprehensive guide on how to build outdoor stairs, from choosing the location to pouring concrete.
Planning Your Outdoor Stairs
Before starting construction, you need to carefully plan your outdoor stairs. Here are the key steps:
Choose the Location
- Consider where you want the stairs to start and end. Do you need access to a patio, deck, or entrance to your home?
- Make sure there is enough space to accommodate the stairs and any landings. Measure to ensure you have adequate room.
- Check for obstacles like trees or pipes that could get in the way. The location should be clear.
Decide on Straight or Curved Stairs
- Straight stairs take up less space. Curved stairs can match landscapes and feel more elegant.
- Curved stairs require more expertise and careful measurements.
Determine the Rise and Run
- The rise is the vertical height of each step. The run is the depth.
- A common ratio is around 15-17cm (6-7 inches) for the rise and 28-30cm (11-12 inches) for the run.
- Consistent rise and run makes stairs safer and easier to climb.
Choose Number of Steps
- Measure the total vertical distance you need to span. Divide by the rise to get the required number of steps.
- Odd numbers like 13 or 15 feel more natural when climbing than even numbers.
Selecting Materials
You need to purchase the right materials for durability and appearance.
Wood
- Pressure-treated lumber is sturdy and resists rotting. Oak, cedar, and redwood also work.
- Match the wood stairs to other outdoor wood features like decks.
- Allow wood to acclimate before cutting to avoid warping. Seal it for extra protection.
Concrete
- Concrete makes very strong and long-lasting stairs. Pre-cast concrete stairs are also available.
- Concrete can be stamped or stained to mimic stone, brick, slate, and other textures.
- Concrete cracks over time. Control joints help manage cracking.
Bricks or Stone
- Natural stone like granite, bluestone, or limestone makes a beautiful staircase.
- Bricks come in different styles like traditional, tumbled, or granite-looking.
- Individual bricks or stones will need concrete footing and mortar for installation.
Metal
- Galvanized steel, aluminum, and wrought iron are very strong and resistant to weather.
- Metal looks contemporary and sleek, often with decorative accents or railings.
- Look for rust-resistant metals that can handle the outdoor environment.
Building the Staircase Frame
The frame provides the structure and strength for the stairs.
Digging Post Holes
- Mark where your steps will go. Dig post holes at the top and bottom of the planned staircase.
- Make holes around 1 foot wide and 3 feet deep. The posts will sit in these.
Setting Posts
- Cut 4×4 posts long enough to span the rise plus extra for above and below ground.
- Put the bottom posts in the holes and fill with concrete to set. Level and brace them.
- Attach side stringers to the top of bottom posts and fill holes with concrete to solidify.
Installing Treads
- Cut treads to the determined run length from 2×12 lumber. Screw into stringers.
- Space treads equally according to your rise and run math. Leave a small gap between.
- Treads extend past stringers by 1-2 inches for finishing with risers/skirting later.
Adding Stair Finishes
Finishing elements like risers, railings, and skirting complete the stairs.
Attach Risers
- Measure the height between each tread and cut boards to fit, aka risers.
- Attach snugly between treads to close off the rises. This finishes off the sides.
Install Railings
- Install balusters and handrails following local codes for spacing and height requirements.
- Match railings to the frame material – steel for metal stringers or wood for wood stringers.
Add Skirting
- Skirting boards along the open sides give a polished look and safety.
- Use the same wood as the treads or other outdoor wood like cedar or treated lumber.
Stain or Seal Wood
- Apply water-repellent sealant to protect wood from moisture damage and decay.
- For appearance, use semi-transparent stain in natural or colored tones. Sealing is still needed.
Pouring Concrete Stairs
For permanent concrete stairs, building a form is necessary before pouring.
Build the Form
- Use 2×6 or 2×8 boards secured with stakes to make a form like a box without a top or bottom.
- The inside dimensions of the form should match your stringer measurements.
Add Reinforcement
- Cut and place rebar rods inside the form to reinforce the concrete pour.
- Rebar improves strength and prevents cracking over time. Follow codes for spacing.
Pour the Concrete
- Spray form with release oil. Pour premixed concrete into form.
- Use a board to screed and level the wet concrete.
- Let concrete fully cure for several days before removing form.
Landscaping Around Stairs
Some finishing landscape touches complete your new outdoor stairs.
Grade Soil
- Grade and slope soil around stairs for proper drainage away from stairs.
- Top with gravel or mulch to prevent erosion.
Lighting
- Install lighting like step lights or path lights aimed at the stairs for visibility and safety at night.
- Go for subtle or dramatic lighting depending on your goals.
Plantings
- Dress up the area around the stairs with flowers, bushes, or other greenery.
- Avoid planting too close to stairs, where plant roots could interfere.
Conclusion
Building outdoor stairs is an involved process but immensely rewarding when complete. Proper planning and measurements are key for constructing functional and long-lasting stairs. Choose the right materials and finishes to match the style of your home. With attention to detail and diligent work, you can create an outdoor staircase you will enjoy for many years to come. Let this comprehensive guide on how to build outdoor stairs equip you with all the knowledge and confidence you need to tackle this home project.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much space do I need for outdoor stairs?
The amount of space needed depends on the length and configuration of your stairs. For straight stairs, allow at least 3 to 4 feet of width. Curved stairs need 4 to 6 feet. Include extra space on sides for safety and maintaining the stairs. Landings at the top and bottom require about 3 by 3 feet.
What is the best material for outdoor stairs?
Pressure-treated wood, cedar, and redwood are great wooden options that resist rot. For concrete, stone, or brick, make sure it is rated for outdoor exposure and freezing temperatures. Metal like galvanized steel or powder-coated aluminum are very durable options. Composite materials are also long-lasting and low-maintenance.
Should I get a building permit for outdoor stairs?
Most municipalities require permits for exterior stairs, especially permanent ones. There are often codes surrounding railing height, spacing between balusters, and maximum riser height that you must follow. Permits are mandatory if attaching stairs to your home. Check with your local building department.
How do I stop my wooden stairs from rotting?
Use naturally rot-resistant woods like cedar, oak, or redwood. Applying water-repellent sealants helps. Keep stairs painted or stained. Allow good airflow and drainage under stairs. Replace any rotten boards immediately to prevent spread of decay. Treating wood chemically also helps but follow safety precautions.
What is the best way to light outdoor stairs?
Low-voltage LED step lights or mini spotlights installed on risers or treads illuminate each stair nicely. Handrail lighting provides ambient glow. Path lights aimed at the stairs work too. Make sure lights are rated for outdoor moisture and connect to power safely. Lighting improves night safety.
How do I make concrete stairs less slippery?
Etch or acid-wash new concrete to roughen the surface and improve traction. Apply textured paints and coatings formulated for slippery concrete. Install grip strips with abrasive materials on step edges for traction. Be sure to reseal concrete periodically. Removing moss or algae also helps reduce slipperiness.