Building your own outdoor gun range allows you the freedom and convenience to practice shooting whenever you want. However, building a gun range requires careful planning and preparation to ensure it is safe and legal. This comprehensive guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to select the optimal location, design the range layout, build proper backstops and berms, and install equipment like target holders. Follow these best practices to construct a professional-grade shooting range on your property.
Introduction
Constructing a personal outdoor gun range comes with great responsibility. Safety must be the top priority to avoid injuries and damage. Legally, you must comply with zoning laws, noise regulations, and environmental protection codes. Practically, the range needs ample space with a suitable backstop to contain bullets.
With prudent planning and adherence to local laws, building a gun range can be safe, legal, and rewarding. It provides a controlled setting to sharpen shooting skills without the hassle of traveling to commercial ranges or remote locations. This guide covers range design fundamentals, material selections, safety precautions, and legal/environmental considerations when building your own outdoor range.
Choosing a Location
Choosing the optimal location is the first critical step in building a safe, enjoyable, and legal outdoor shooting range. Consider these key factors when surveying your land:
Safety
- Select a site away from inhabited buildings, roads, trails, and utility lines. The range should have restricted access.
- Ensure a clear line of sight to target areas so you can always observe the range whether shooting or not.
- Check that the site allows for adequate hazard zones and safety fans around the shooting area.
- Consider potential ricochets off flat surfaces like water, rocks, or hard ground. Avoid such areas.
Backstop/Berm
- Identify a natural hillside or construct an earthen backstop to contain bullets and prevent overshots.
- The berm/backstop should be tall and long enough to capture the most powerful ammo fired. Minimum 25 ft height x 100 ft width is recommended.
- Avoid any surface that may cause dangerous ricochets behind the targets.
Noise/Nuisance
- Select a remote location distant from neighbors who could be disturbed by gunfire noise.
- Comply with local noise ordinances, which may specify allowable shooting hours and sound limits.
- Consider adding sound abatement features like overhead baffles.
Legal/Zoning
- Verify your local zoning laws allow for a private gun range on the property. Obtain any required permits or licenses.
- Adhere to environmental regulations regarding lead management, stormwater runoff control, noise limits, etc.
Terrain/Topography
- Choose relatively flat ground, but avoid any grades/slopes behind the targets that may attract stray bullets.
- Pick sturdy soil that can withstand repeated bullet strikes and remain stable. Avoid sandy, loose, or muddy terrain.
Accessibility
- Ensure there is suitable road access to the range site for construction and maintenance needs.
- The range entrance should have a gate, fence, berm or other access control.
By thoroughly evaluating all these factors, you can select the best possible site to establish a lawful, practical, and safe outdoor shooting range. Never compromise on safety.
Designing and Laying Out the Range
Once an appropriate location is identified, the next step is designing and physically laying out the range space. This involves proper measurements for shooting distances, target placement, shooting stations, safety fans, and containment berms.
Determine Direction of Fire
- Choose the shooting direction based on the land contours and backstop location.
- Ensure the range is oriented so the sun will not shine in shooters’ eyes.
Mark Firing Lines
- Measure and visibly mark firing lines parallel to the backstop at suitable distances (15-100 yards typically).
- Individual shooting stations can be marked across the firing line. Minimum 5 feet wide per position is recommended.
Site Targets
- Place paper/steel targets directly in front of backstop areas to absorb bullets.
- For static ranges, mount targets on movable carrier systems for flexible distance changes.
Include Benches/Tables (optional)
- Sturdy benches, shooting tables, or other range furniture can be erected along the firing lines.
- These provide shooters a handy, steady platform for accuracy.
Establish Safety Fans
- Mark 30 degree safety fans extending from each end of the backstop.
- These zones catch any bullets unintentionally angled left/right of the targets.
Verify Adequate Range Length
- Confirm the range length allows for the farthest shooting distance plus safety margins behind the targets.
- 100 yards length may suffice for a 50 yard range including backstop and safety zone.
Enable Access Control
- Install swing gates, fences, signs, or berms to prevent unauthorized access.
- Post highly visible range rules and operating procedures.
Careful layout and measurement of the range space minimizes safety risks and enables accurate shooting practice. Always double check configurations and dimensions.
Constructing Your Backstop and Berm
The backstop and berm are the most vital components. This is what captures and contains bullets to prevent overshots beyond the range. The materials and size must match the largest ammunition fired. Construction options include:
Soil/Earth Berm
- Mound soil dug from the range surface into a hillside at least 25 ft. high. Slope at ~30 degrees.
- Pack tightly and cover with grass to prevent erosion. Inspect and repair continually.
Sand Berm
- Build upward with sand or gravel. Critical to keep material damp to prevent ricochets.
- Face with plywood sheets or rubber to reduce bullet fragmentation.
Steel Plates
- Overlap AR500 or similar steel plates leaned at a slight angle against supports. Angling prevents splatter back.
- Works for centerfire rifles, but may cause fragmentation with high power rounds.
Logs/Dimensional Lumber
- Stack railway ties, telephone poles, or 8×8 timbers. Embed deeply into ground.
- Affordable but higher risk of ricochets and eventual wood failure over time.
Concrete
- Pour solid concrete wall or blocks. Very durable but extremely expensive.
- Risk of major ricochets. Use as inner layer with softer outer face only.
The best practice is to construct a towering earth berm, then face it with angled steel plates or timber. This provides an immense soil mass to gradually absorb energy while the facing materials reduce bullet fragmentation.
Inspect the backstop regularly, especially after heavy use. Test for bullet penetration and immediately address any deficiencies. Expand or reinforce berms over time as regular maintenance. A durable, towering backstop is essential to safety.
Installing Target Stands
To complete your range, you’ll need proper target stands spaced at set distances along the firing line. Purchase commercial target holders or build your own.
Purchased Target Stands
- Choose adjustable or static target holders designed for your caliber ammo.
- Select durable powder coated or galvanized steel stands. Avoid wooden posts.
- Stands with pulleys or carriers enable adjusting target distance.
DIY Target Stand Options:
Wood Frame
- Make simple A-frame from 2×4 lumber. Affordable but degrades over time.
Steel Pipe Base
- Weld square steel tubing into a tall, heavy base. Bolt on target boards.
T-Post Design
- Pound metal t-posts into ground. Hang targets from sturdy crossbar atop posts.
Swinging Hanger
- Suspend targets from chains, cables, or rails for easy height changes.
For longevity and reliability, invest in quality commercial target stands. Otherwise opt for sturdy steel pipe or post designs over wood. Position targets directly in front of berms/backstops and check their alignment regularly. Replace torn-up targets promptly.
Safety Best Practices
While the range layout and backstop engineering provide passive safety, the most important factor is active human oversight and vigilance. Stringently follow these crucial guidelines every time the range is in use:
- Allow only sober, responsible adults who demonstrate safe handling.
- Require eye and ear protection for everyone in proximity to the range.
- Enable only one shooter at a time on the firing line while others remain a safe distance behind.
- Mandate cease fires to check, change or retrieve targets.
- Visually ensure the range is clear and safe before approaching targets.
- Strictly forbid shooting when range is “cold” or unsafe conditions arise.
- Never allow any person or animal downrange when firing is underway.
- Enforce strict muzzle control – keep guns aimed downrange.
- Eliminate distractions like cell phones and loud music.
- Establish emergency response procedures for injuries, escapes or damage.
- Monitor conditions and end shooting if weather, visibility or fatigue compromise safety.
Staying alert and proactively mitigating risks is imperative. Appoint designated range safety officers when operating your range. Prioritize safety over all else. Stop immediately if any hazard arises.
Environmental Considerations
In addition to safety procedures, responsible range management includes protecting the surrounding environment. Lead and chemical residues from ammunition, if left unchecked, can contaminate soil and nearby water sources. Employ these measures:
Lead Management
- Prevent lead dust and fragments from accumulating onground. Regularly screen soil and remove contaminated portions.
- Test for lead migration into surface/groundwater. Install berms and runoff diversions if needed.
- Consider bullet traps or catching systems to minimize lead release. Avoid fully jacketed ammo if possible.
Noise Reduction
- Plant trees/shrubs around range perimeter to help absorb soundwaves.
- Limit shooting hours and reduce high decibel ammunition.
- Construct overhead baffles and side walls/berms for containment.
Stormwater Controls
- Build berms and channels to divert rainwater away from contaminated areas.
- Monitor drainage systems and groundwater flow patterns for pollution risks.
- Obtain stormwater discharge permits if required and treat runoff before release.
Regular environmental monitoring and preventative measures will keep your range sustainable for the long term. Always adhere to federal, state and local regulations.
Securing Legal Approvals
The final prerequisite is obtaining any required licenses, permits, zoning variances or exemptions for your gun range. The approvals needed vary significantly based on jurisdiction. Common considerations include:
Zoning
- Verify target shooting aligns with property zoning designation and/or qualify for a special use permit.
Noise Ordinances
- Adhere to local noise limits which may restrict allowable hours of shooting.
Building Permits
- If installing permanent structures like overhead baffles, electrical systems, plumbing, etc. building permits may be required.
Environmental Approvals
- File notice and/or obtain permits related to stormwater, lead containment, wetlands, etc.
Licensing
- In some states, gun ranges open to the public require an operating license. Not typical for private recreational ranges.
Consult local officials early in the planning process to identify needed approvals. Submit detailed range construction plans including safety features, environmental controls and operating procedures. Being proactive will prevent delays once construction is underway.
Operational Best Practices
Once your outdoor range is constructed and legally authorized, focus on running a safe, responsible and compliant operation. Key measures include:
Safety Officers
- Designate trained range safety officers to monitor all live fire activities.
Access Control
- Use gates, fences and signs to prevent unauthorized entry.
Rules Enforcement
- Strictly enforce range protocols, ceasefires, PPE requirements, etc.
Routine Inspections
- Check backstops, targets, infrastructure for wear/damage before and after each use.
Environmental Upkeep
- Regularly test for lead and remove contaminated materials. Follow stormwater plan.
Insurance
- Carry sufficient liability coverage in case of injury lawsuits or property damage from escapes.
Records/Documentation
- Log users, incidents and maintenance activities. Stay current on inspections and approvals.
Consistent safety protocols, vigilant supervision, environmental monitoring and documentation are essential to operating a lawful and risk-free outdoor gun range.
FAQs
How much space do I need for an outdoor gun range?
- Minimum of 100 yards length x 50 yards width is recommended. This allows for adequate backstop and safety zones. More space is ideal.
What is the optimal slope or grade for the shooting range surface?
- Generally 0% to 5% slope allowing for drainage. Avoid steep grades behind targets which can attract stray bullets.
How tall should the backstop berm be?
- Minimum 25 feet height is recommended, with more height needed for high power rifles. The berm must extend 2-3 feet above the targets.
What type of target holders should I use?
- Choose height-adjustable steel target stands rated for the largest caliber you will shoot. Avoid wood frames. Use static holders for a fixed distance range.
How often should I inspect and maintain the range?
- Check backstops and targets before each live fire session. Perform lead removal, erosion repairs and infrastructure checks at least quarterly. More often for frequent use.
What permits or approvals do I need to build a personal outdoor range?
- Regulations vary significantly. Check zoning allowances, environmental rules, noise ordinances and building codes early in planning process.
What safety rules should I establish for my shooting range?
- Mandatory eye/ear protection, one shooter at a time, specific ammo types allowed, cease fires before going downrange, etc. Appoint range safety officers.
How do I reduce lead contamination from my shooting range?
- Use bullet traps, regularly remove and dispose of lead fragments from soil, gravel traps. Minimize lead ammo use. Plant vegetation buffers.
What should I do annually to maintain my outdoor range?
- Inspect/repair backstop facing. Remove lead-contaminated soil. Grade surface. Trim vegetation. Check drainage. Document activity.
Conclusion
Creating your own outdoor gun range is deeply rewarding but also carries major safety and legal responsibilities. Follow this comprehensive guide to properly plan, design, build, and operate your personal shooting range. Prioritize safety over all else through careful site selection, impenetrable backstops, strict protocols, vigilant supervision and routine maintenance. With prudent construction and steadfast operation, you can enjoy your own private range for training, target practice, and skill development for years to come.