Building an outdoor fire pit can be a fun weekend project that adds ambiance and warmth to your backyard. With some simple planning, you can create a beautiful and functional space to gather around a crackling fire. In this comprehensive guide, we will walk you through the entire process of constructing your own custom fire pit from start to finish.
Choosing a Location
The first step is deciding on the right spot to build your fire pit. Here are some factors to consider when selecting a location:
- Safety first – Choose a site at least 10 feet away from structures, trees, and shrubs to prevent fire hazards. Do not build the pit under low-hanging tree branches.
- Wind direction – Position the fire pit so smoke and embers will not blow toward the house. Downwind is ideal.
- Views – Pick a location where you can see the fire from patios, decks, or inside your home for maximum enjoyment.
- Accessibility – Select a spot that is easy to reach when carrying firewood and supplies. Near a gate or door is convenient.
- Utilities – Avoid areas above buried electric, gas, water, or sewer lines. Call 811 before digging to get underground utilities marked.
- Sun exposure – A site with partial shade will allow you to enjoy the pit during hot summer days. Full sun can get uncomfortable.
- Seating – Make sure there is room around the pit for seating. Angle chairs to face the fire for better visibility.
- Privacy – Position the fire pit away from neighbors’ views unless you want it to be a social gathering place.
Once you decide on the right site, mark the location with spray paint or stakes. Now you are ready to start construction.
Choosing a Design
Fire pits come in many shapes and sizes. Consider these popular options when planning your design:
In-Ground
- An in-ground fire pit is dug 1-2 feet into the ground like a bowl and lined with fire brick or stone. This is the most classic design.
- It offers a sleek, clean look that sits flush with the ground.
- Allows for larger, deeper fires that radiate more heat.
- Provides safety from wind and good ventilation.
- More expensive and labor-intensive to construct. Requires excavation and drainage.
Above-Ground
- An above-ground fire pit is built on top of a flat surface like a patio or concrete pad using construction blocks, stones, or a metal insert.
- Quick and easy to build without digging.
- Provides safety and ventilation when elevated above ground level.
- Portable designs can be moved around the yard.
- Wind can affect flames more than a pit dug into the ground.
Portable
- As the name implies, a portable fire pit can be moved anywhere in the yard or taken camping.
- Many attractive options are available like ornate metal fire bowls.
- Offers flexibility in placement and ability to relocate pit.
- Usually raised up above ground level, so wind impacts flames.
- May have size restrictions for wood capacity and fire size.
Once you decide on a design, verify any requirements in local building codes or neighborhood HOA rules before constructing your fire pit. Many areas prohibit permanent outdoor fireplaces but allow portable fire pits.
Obtaining a Permit
Most municipalities require permits for construction of permanent outdoor fire pits to ensure safety standards are met. The permit application may require:
- Plot map showing the fire pit’s location marked with setbacks from structures and property lines.
- Description of fire pit dimensions and materials being used.
- Proof of homeowners insurance.
- Agreement to only burn clean wood – no trash, leaves, or construction debris.
If you are building a temporary or portable fire pit, permits are usually not needed. However, always check local regulations because they can vary by area. Failing to obtain a required permit can risk fines.
Preparing the Site
Once your fire pit location is selected and approved, you can start prepping the site:
Mark the Fire Pit Area
- Mark the exact size and shape of your fire pit design using spray paint, flour, ropes, or stakes.
- The interior diameter can range from 3-6 feet depending on desired size.
- Mark a 6 inch wider outline around the pit area for the construction materials.
Remove Grass and Plants
- If building an in-ground fire pit, remove all grass and plants from the interior dig area first.
- Also clear vegetation several inches around the outer marked perimeter.
Level the Ground
- Verify the construction area is flat and level using a shovel, rake, and leveling tools.
- Add or remove soil if needed to flatten and smooth the surface.
- Compact the soil firmly before building.
Now the fun part – start constructing your custom fire pit!
In-Ground Fire Pit Construction
Digging an in-ground fire pit takes more work but creates a beautiful built-in look. Follow these steps:
Excavate the Bowl
- Dig down 1-2 feet in the marked circular area using a shovel and pickaxe.
- Slope the sides inward at a 45° angle as you dig deeper.
- The bottom of the pit should be flat and level.
- Tamp down the soil walls and bottom to compact tightly.
Add Gravel Base
- Cover the bottom 2-4 inches with crushed gravel for drainage.
- Compact the gravel layer firmly before adding construction blocks or stones.
Build Inner Walls
- Stack solid concrete blocks around the inside perimeter of the pit bowl without mortar.
- Or use earth-toned retaining wall blocks designed for fire pits.
- Leave a 1-2 inch gap between blocks for airflow. Stack 4-6 rows high.
- Use gravel or sand to fill block cores for stability and drainage.
Install Fire Bricks
- Line the inner walls with high-heat fire bricks that overlap block edges.
- Fire bricks provide heat protection, reflect warmth inward, and are replaceable.
- Use a level to check fire brick alignment as you install them.
Add Bottom Layer
- Cover the gravel base with flat rock pavers or a concrete paver base.
- This protects the bottom from ash and creates a floor for the fire.
- Use high-temp mortar if needed to secure pavers in place.
Your in-ground fire pit foundation is complete! Now you can add the top decorative touches.
Above-Ground Fire Pit Construction
Building above ground takes less work but still creates an attractivefocal point in your yard. Follow these steps:
Choose a Base
- Use a pre-existing non-flammable surface like a concrete patio, brick pavers, or stone.
- Or pour a new concrete pad or patio block foundation specifically for the fire pit.
- The base should be flat, level, and at least 4-6 inches thick.
Select a Fire Pit Liner
- Use solid concrete blocks, earth-toned retaining wall blocks, bricks, or stones.
- Or choose a decorative metal fire pit liner or fire bowl available in various sizes.
- Stack blocks 1-2 feet high without mortar, leaving gaps between them.
Install Base Plate
- Set a steel or concrete base plate inside the block foundation.
- This protects the surface underneath from heat and supports the metal fire pit.
- For masonry fire pits, use a poured concrete base.
Position Fire Pit Insert
- Place your chosen metal fire bowl or insert centered on the base plate inside the block frame.
- The insert should rest securely inside the surrounding blocks.
- Ensure any drain holes in the insert align with the foundation underneath.
- Add pea gravel in the gaps around the insert edges for stability.
Your above-ground fire pit is ready for finishing touches!
Finishing Touches
Apply these final decorative details to complement your fire pit’s overall design:
Fire Pit Gravel
- Cover the ground 6-12 inches around the outside of the pit with pea gravel or crushed stone.
- This finishes the area and prevents grass or plants from growing next to the fire.
Paver Border
- Outline the fire pit with a border of pavers, bricks, or stones set on their sides.
- This provides a decorative accent that neatly defines the space.
- Leave 1-2 inches between pavers for ventilation and heat expansion.
Fire Pit Seating
- Position outdoor chairs, benches, or log seats around the perimeter facing inward toward the fire.
- Angle the seating to see the flames and each other comfortably while conversing and enjoying the warmth.
Fire Pit Top
- Add a custom-cut flat stone or concrete capstone on top of the fire pit walls to finish and stabilize the structure.
- The capstone should overhang the sides slightly to protect from rainfall.
- Leave an opening on one side for fire access.
Fire Tools
- Place a metal stand or rack near the fire pit to hold essential fireplace tools like poker, shovel, broom, and tongs.
- Store firewood bundles nearby for easy access when fueling the fire.
Your new fully-equipped outdoor fire pit is ready to enjoy! Just add wood and ignition.
Selecting Materials
Choosing the right construction materials for your fire pit design is important to create a safe, long-lasting, and attractive space:
Fire Pit liner
- Retaining wall blocks are a top choice because they are designed to withstand heat. Avoid flimsy blocks.
- Decorative metal fire bowls offer mobility and visual appeal. Select thick steel or iron.
- Fire bricks or refractory bricks are made for high temperatures. Use them to line fire pit walls.
Base / Foundation
- Concrete blocks, pavers, stone, or poured concrete make sturdy bases that won’t shift or sink under the weight of the fire pit structure.
Fire Pit Cover
- A fitted spark cover or screen prevents embers from escaping while allowing airflow. Choose durable steel, iron, or copper mesh screens. Close the cover between fires.
- A full fire pit lid adds safety when not in use. Look for strong metal covers with handles to place over the pit. Remove before lighting a fire.
Fasteners
- Use heat-resistant concrete adhesive rated above 2000° F to secure any capstones or bricks instead of standard concrete.
- Avoid real mortar which can crack from heat expansion.
Fire Pit Fuel
- Seasoned hardwoods like oak or maple make excellent natural firewood. Softwoods burn too quickly.
- Manufactured fire logs are convenient. Look for low-emission, long-burning compressed wood logs.
- Avoid pressure-treated woods, painted woods, and woods soaked in chemicals which release toxic fumes.
Installing Gas or Electricity
While wood fires have a classic appeal, gas-fueled fire pits offer convenience and electric fire pits provide ambiance without smoke. Here is how to add these options:
Gas Fire Pits
- Many prefabricated fire bowls offer gas burner inserts powered by propane or natural gas.
- Hire a professional to run buried gas lines to the fire pit location and install the burner.
- A technician must perform proper gas pressure tests and ignite the pilot light initially.
- Gas line installations require permits. Follow all local building codes for safety.
Electric Fire Pits
- Electric fire pit inserts give the fire visuals using LED lights and faux logs without any flame.
- Hardwire a 120-volt receptacle near the fire pit site to provide electrical power.
- Hire an electrician to run underground wiring and install GFCI protection.
- Ensure cords from electric fire pits are not a tripping hazard.
While more complex, gas lines or electrical wiring enables you to enjoy the ambiance of your fire pit with less mess and work.
Safety First
Fire pits create potential hazards that require caution. Follow these important safety practices:
General Tips
- Never leave a burning fire unattended or allow children/pets near the pit unsupervised.
- Avoid wearing flammable clothing when fires are lit.
- Always keep a fire extinguisher and water hose nearby in case of emergencies.
- Check local burn restrictions related to fire pit use, especially during dry/windy weather.
- Install gas and electric pits per codes to prevent risks of electrocution, shocks, or explosions.
Fire Pit Use
- Place fires directly on the fire pit floor, never on the ground or grass area around the pit which could spread flames.
- Avoid burning trash, leaves, pine needles, or other dangerous materials.
- Extinguish fires completely before leaving them unattended.
- Allow ashes to fully cool for several days before removing them from the pit.
- Keep combustible patio furniture, cushions, and decor far back from the pit’s heat radius.
Following basic precautions will allow everyone to enjoy your new fire pit safely.
Maintenance and Care
Like any outdoor structure, fire pits require periodic maintenance to stay in top shape:
Clean ashes
- Always let ashes fully cool for several days before removing to avoid hidden embers.
- Scoop out and dispose of cooled ashes regularly to maintain airflow.
- Avoid ash buildup, which can trap moisture and cause damage.
Inspect for cracks
- Look for cracks in mortar, brickwork, or concrete which could allow smoke and fire to escape.
- Repair minor cracks with high-temp caulk. Bigger cracks require rebuilding.
Check stability
- Over time, blocks, bricks, or metal walls can shift. Verify the pit remains structurally sound and stable.
- Reset any shifted components and keep materials clear of debris like dirt, mulch or plants.
Touch up finish
- Paint or re-stain any capstones, mantels, metal stands, or surrounding structures as their finish wears over years of use.
- Keep surfaces sealed to prevent damage from weathering.
With proper care and maintenance, your outdoor fire pit can provide enjoyment for many years to come! Follow this comprehensive guide to construct the custom fire pit of your dreams.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the minimum safety distances for fire pits?
Fire pits should be located at least 10 feet away from structures like homes, garages, wooden fences, trees, and shrubs according to safety recommendations. Minimum distances from combustible structures may be greater based on local ordinances. Always check municipal regulations for any required setbacks when positioning your fire pit.
How deep should I dig an in-ground fire pit?
A typical in-ground fire pit is excavated 1-2 feet deep and 2-6 feet across. However, the ideal size and depth depend on several factors like your climate, soil type, budget, and local building codes. In cold climates, a deeper 3 foot pit will allow bigger fires that emit more heat. Be sure to check for any depth requirements in your city ordinances.
Can I build a fire pit on a wooden deck?
It is extremely dangerous and inadvisable to build any type of fire pit on top of a wooden deck or other flammable surface. Fire pit foundations should always be non-combustible materials like stone, concrete, or earth. Extreme caution should be taken to ensure fires stay completely contained within the fire pit and away from any wood, decking, furniture, or homes.
What is the best material for a DIY fire pit?
The safest DIY fire pit materials are solid concrete construction blocks or retaining wall blocks made of concrete and aggregate stone designed to withstand high heat and resist cracking. Fire brick internal liners also withstand temperatures over 2000°F. Decorative steel or iron fire bowls make attractive insert options. Avoid flimsy blocks, clay bricks, or soft natural stones which can explode from heat exposure.
Can I convert a metal bowl or grill into a fire pit?
No, it is dangerous to re-purpose a metal bowl, grill, drum or cooking vessel not specifically designed as a fire pit or fire bowl for this use. Any improvised metal fire pit is at high risk of overheating and cracking which could cause an explosion of burning fuel. For safety, only use purpose-built fire pit containers rated for fire use.
Can I put a fire pit on grass or dirt?
No, fire pits should never be placed directly on top of grass, mulch, dirt, or any combustible surface. Fires in pits must be elevated up on non-flammable bases like concrete, stone, or patio block foundations which protect the ground underneath from heat, coals, and fire impacts. Surrounding the pit with 6-12 inches of crushed stone or pea gravel can provide added separation from vegetation.
How close can patio furniture be to a fire pit?
It is recommended to leave 3-5 feet of clearance around the outside perimeter of the fire pit free from any combustible materials like patio furniture, cushions, umbrellas, and decor. The intense heat from open flames can radiate outward horizontally several feet, so items that are too close are at risk of ignition. Angle furniture toward the fire but keep adequate space away.
What can I use instead of firewood in a fire pit?
Manufactured fire logs are an excellent clean-burning alternative to cut firewood. Look for compressed sawdust or wax logs that are low-emission and made of recycled materials. While more expensive than cordwood, fire logs burn longer, are mess-free, and are easier to store. You can also install a gas line or use gel bioethanol fuel canisters made specifically for fire features. Never burn trash or debris in fire pits.
Conclusion
An outdoor fire pit becomes a cherished place to gather for light, warmth, and community. With smart planning and proper construction, you can create a beautiful addition to your yard that provides joy for years to come. Before lighting your first fire, be sure to check with your local municipality regarding any needed permits, safety regulations, or burning restrictions to ensure compliance in your area. With some labor and creativity, you will